S: GOV.UK (last access: 14 January 2026); All Law (last access: 14 January 2026).

N: 1. – bare (adj): Old English bær “naked, uncovered, unclothed,” from Proto-Germanic *bazaz (source also of German bar, Old Norse berr, Dutch baar), from PIE *bhoso- “naked” (source also of Armenian bok “naked;” Old Church Slavonic bosu, Lithuanian basas “barefoot”). The meaning “sheer, absolute” (c. 1200) is from the notion of “complete in itself.”

– ownership (n): “state of being an owner; the right by which a thing belongs specifically to some person or body,” 1580s, from “owner” + “-ship”.

2. In civil law countries, ownership attributes can be divided into two separate rights:

• Usufruct, which gives its holder the right to the enjoyment of the underlying asset and the right to the income generated by the underlying asset.
• Bare ownership, which essentially gives its holder the right to transfer the underlying asset.
• Generally, a usufruct right lasts for the lifetime of its holder. It can be compared to the life estate found in common law systems. It can also be set up for a shorter period of time in certain countries. Upon the death of the holder of the usufruct interest, or at the end of its term if shorter, the usufruct right is automatically transferred to the bare owner, thereby providing the bare owner with full title to the underlying property.

3. Property Law (civil law): bare ownership, naked ownership, bare property, ownership without usufruct.

• Right of ownership of a person whose ownership is dismembered by a right of usufruct, use or habitation.

4. Cultural Interrelation: We can mention the article from the British newspaper The Telegraph, written by James Badcock and titled Spanish homes sold at knock-down prices – provided you let the previous owner die there, which examines how pensioner homeowners in Spain sell the bare ownership of their properties while retaining usufruct rights for economic reasons.

S: 1. Etymonline – https://www.etymonline.com/word/bare, https://www.etymonline.com/word/ownership (last access: 14 January 2026). 2. Ruchelman (last access: 13 January 2026). 3. TERMIUM PLUS (last access: 12 January 2026). 4. The Telegraph (last access: 13 January 2026).

SYN: naked ownership, bare property, ownership without usufruct.

S: TERMIUM PLUS (last access: 14 January 2026).

CR: fideicomissum, landlord, lease, lessor, usufruct.